Camera Movements

Zoom In
Represented as 'tight' (T) on a camera. 
A zoom in is used to create a close up on an object or a character. This would usually be done to show the significance of a particular object in the scene or to show the facial expressions of characters. This can commonly be seen when two or more characters are having a conversation.
A lot of films feature this camera movement because it can help to create a particular mood which the target audience would be able to pick up on because it would relate to what is happening in the rest of the film.

Zoom Out
Represented as 'wide' (W) on a camera.
A zoom out often reveals the rest of the location/environment in a particular scene. Zooming out can also show a group of people in a single frame that you wouldn't be able to see zoomed in. This gives a bigger perspective of a situation and also used a lot during films and also in music videos.

Tracking
Tracking camera movements create a smooth, consistent movement.
This technique is filmed on a dolly. This is where the camera is based on a mount that runs on a mini train track, this keeps the camera perfectly still whilst moving. Tracking shots are mostly used when the frame is following a car or a character that is walking from one place to another.

Pan
A pan shot is where the camera moves smoothly from one side to another.
This can be seen a lot in the Breaking Bad series, particularly in the desert. This is used to show the size of the environment for emphasis. This is good because it can set the scene for particular parts of a show and it can also reveal extra details that you wouldn't normally see.

Whip Pan
A whip pan is the same as a normal pan shot but happens a lot quicker. 
This sort of shot can be seen in the Fast and Furious film series, mostly during racing scenes when the cars go past the camera at high speeds. Other uses are also in conversation for switching between people talking, although this isn't too common because it has had bad feedback from audiences as it can make people feel quite dizzy after a while.

Arc
An arc shot moves the camera around a subject in an arc shape, this creates a depth of field.
This would normally be used to show the surroundings of a single character, giving more of a perspective of what that character can see. This can sometimes also act as a close up shot where you would be able to see the expressions of the character, giving a better idea on the mood of the scene.

Crane Shot
This is where a camera is placed at the end of a crane which is controlled by a person either on the ground or on the crane with the camera.
This sort of filming is commonly used during live performances such as gigs or festivals in order to be able to film above the crowds. This allows camera crews to film both a performer and the crowds to create a better atmosphere in a video, the camera can also move around very easily so a lot of filming can be done easily.

Steadicam
This is where a camera is mounted onto a camera crew member's chest with a harness.
This filming method is commonly used during TV shows when the camera follows characters walking or in conversation.

Aerial Shot
This is a constant shot filmed from above.
This is often seen during the introduction to different TV shows such as The Apprentice where the city of London is filmed from above. This shows the size of a location and can also act as a fill between different scenes.

One method of filming an aerial shot is to use a remote controlled helicopter with a camera mounted onto it, however this is not used commonly as it is not a very reliable method and the equipment required can be very costly.

The more common method of filming aerial shots is to get a piloted helicopter and get the film crew to go into the helicopter and film from there. This costs less money and the crew also have more control on what is being filmed.

Hand Held Camera
This is where the camera is held by hand to give a more personal filming perspective.
This technique has been mostly used in the horror genre to make the films look like they were filmed by real people as things have happened. This has been seen in films such as Rec and The Blair Witch Project. Since being used by The Blair Witch Project, this style of filming has become more popular and very common in the particular genre.